AP Microeconomics · College Board müfredatı

AP Microeconomics

Bireylerin, firmaların ve piyasaların kararları: arz ve talep, maliyet eğrileri, piyasa yapıları, faktör piyasaları ve devletin rolü.

6 ÜNİTE
College Board CED
HİBRİT
MCQ Bluebook'ta, FRQ kâğıda
4 MAYIS
2027 sınav günü (öğleden sonra)
HİBRİT DİJİTAL • BLUEBOOK

AP Microeconomics

Esneklik, maliyet eğrileri (MC, ATC), piyasa yapıları, faktör piyasaları ve piyasa başarısızlıkları grafikleri.

Kâr Maksimizasyonu: MR = MC · İşgücü talebi: MRP = MRC

Unit 1 Basic Economic Concepts: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Kıtlık, fırsat maliyeti, üretim olanakları eğrisi (PPC), karşılaştırmalı üstünlük ve marjinal analiz.

Unit 2 Supply and Demand: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Talep ve arz kaymaları, esneklik, tüketici ve üretici rantı, fiyat tavanı ve tabanı, vergi ve ticaret etkileri.

Unit 3: Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Üretim ve maliyet eğrileri, kâr maksimizasyonu ve tam rekabet piyasası; Unit 4'teki eksik rekabet modelleriyle karşılaştırma.

Market Structures & Welfare Economics Unit 3 & 4 • Micro Analysis

The Universal Profit-Maximizing Condition: Every firm maximizes total economic profit by producing up to the quantity where Marginal Revenue equals Marginal Cost ($MR = MC$):
• Perfect Competition: Price-taker firm where $P = MR = AR = D$. In long-run equilibrium, $P = \min(ATC)$ (Allocative efficiency $P = MC$ and Productive efficiency $P = \min ATC$ are both achieved).
• Monopoly: Downward-sloping demand curve where $MR < P$. Produces where $MR = MC$, but charges price $P$ from the demand curve, creating Deadweight Loss (DWL) and underallocating resources.

Pigouvian Taxes & Negative Externalities: When production imposes external costs on society (e.g., pollution), $MSC > MPC$. The free market overproduces ($Q_{mkt} > Q_{opt}$). A per-unit Pigouvian tax equal to the Marginal External Cost ($t = MEC$) internalizes the externality and eliminates deadweight loss.

Unit 3 Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Özgün AP tarzı sorular (geçmiş sınav sorusu değil). Şık seç; anında çözüm ve hata türü gelir.

Unit 4 Imperfect Competition: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Tekel, fiyat farklılaştırması, monopolcü rekabet, oligopol ve oyun teorisi.

Unit 5: Factor Markets

Unit 5 (10–13% of the multiple-choice section) applies marginal analysis to the markets for labor, land, and capital. Weightings: College Board, AP Microeconomics Course.

5.1–5.3 Factor Demand and the Hiring Rule MRP = MRC Micro Topic 5.1 • 5.2 • 5.3

In factor markets the roles reverse: households supply labor, land, and capital, and firms demand them. Factor demand is derived demand: a firm wants workers only because of the revenue their output brings. The value of one more worker is the marginal revenue product, MRP = MP × MR (= MP × P in a perfectly competitive product market). The cost of one more worker is the marginal resource cost (MRC), which equals the wage in a perfectly competitive labor market.

Hiring rule: hire up to the worker for whom MRP = MRC (in a table, the last worker with MRP ≥ MRC). The labor demand curve is the MRP curve; it shifts with the output price, worker productivity, and the prices of other inputs. A change in the wage itself is a movement along the curve. Least-cost rule: MPL / W = MPK / r; shift spending toward the input with the higher marginal product per dollar.
5.4 Monopsony: One Buyer of Labor Micro Topic 5.4

A monopsonist is the only buyer in a labor market. Because it faces an upward-sloping supply curve and must raise the wage for every worker to hire one more, its MRC lies above the supply curve. It hires where MRC = MRP and pays the wage read from the supply curve at that quantity. Compared with a competitive labor market, both employment and the wage are lower.

AP TRAP: never read the monopsony wage from the MRC or MRP curve. Find the quantity at MRC = MRP, then drop down to the supply curve for the wage.

Unit 5 Factor Markets: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Özgün AP tarzı sorular (geçmiş sınav sorusu değil). Şık seç; anında çözüm ve hata türü gelir.

Unit 6: Market Failure and the Role of Government

Unit 6 (8–13%) asks when free markets fail to reach the socially efficient quantity and how government policy can correct, or fail to correct, the outcome.

6.1–6.3 Efficiency, Externalities and Public Goods Micro Topic 6.1 • 6.2 • 6.3

The socially efficient quantity is where MSB = MSC. A negative externality (for example pollution) makes MSC = MPC + MEC exceed MPC, so the market overproduces; a per-unit Pigouvian tax equal to the MEC fixes it. A positive externality (for example vaccination) makes MSB exceed MPB, so the market underproduces; a per-unit subsidy equal to the MEB fixes it. Deadweight loss is the triangle between MSB and MSC over the units that are wrongly produced or not produced.

Classifying goods: private goods are rival and excludable; public goods are nonrival and nonexcludable (free-rider problem); common resources are rival but nonexcludable (overuse, the tragedy of the commons); club goods are nonrival but excludable.
6.4–6.5 Government Intervention and Inequality Micro Topic 6.4 • 6.5

Regulating a natural monopoly: the socially optimal price (P = MC) is allocatively efficient but creates a loss, because MC is below a falling ATC; the fair-return price (P = ATC) gives zero economic profit. A lump-sum tax acts like a fixed cost: price and output stay the same and profit falls. A per-unit tax raises MC, so price rises and output falls.

Inequality: a tax is progressive if the average tax rate rises with income, proportional if it is constant, and regressive if it falls. Inequality is shown by the Lorenz curve and measured by the Gini coefficient (0 = perfect equality); a larger Gini means more inequality.

Unit 6 Market Failure and the Role of Government: İnteraktif Soru İstasyonu

Özgün AP tarzı sorular (geçmiş sınav sorusu değil). Şık seç; anında çözüm ve hata türü gelir.

Ekonomi FRQ Çizim Kuralları

• Eksenleri her zaman P (Price) ve Q (Quantity) olarak adlandır.
• Kaymaları oklarla göster (S1 → S2, D1 → D2).
• Tüketici ve üretici rantı alanlarını doğru geometrik alanla açıkla.

Adım Adım Çözümlü AP FRQ

AP tarzı özgün soru; puanlama ölçütleriyle adım adım çözüm.

MODEL: AP MICROECONOMICS Piyasa Başarısızlığı & Pigouvian Vergi

FRQ: Kimyasal Üretimde Negatif Üretim Dışsallığı (Negative Production Externality):
Bir kimya fabrikası nehre toksik atık boşaltmaktadır. Özel Marjinal Maliyet MPC = 10 + 2Q, Marjinal Dışsal Zarar MEC = 6 ve Marjinal Özel Fayda MSB = MPB = 70 - Q olarak modellenmiştir.
(a) Serbest piyasa denge üretimini (Q_mkt) ve fiyatını (P_mkt) hesaplayınız.
(b) Toplumsal olarak optimal üretim düzeyini (Q_opt) ve fiyatını (P_opt) bulunuz.
(c) Hükümetin dışsallığı içselleştirmek için koyması gereken Pigouvian birim vergi miktarını ve oluşan ölü dara kaybını (Deadweight Loss) gösteriniz.

Ekonomi Çözüm Adımları & Matematiksel İspat:
• (a) Serbest Piyasa Dengesi: MPB = MPC => 70 - Q = 10 + 2Q => 3Q = 60 => Q_mkt = 20 birim.
Fiyat: P_mkt = 70 - 20 = 50 TL/€.
• (b) Toplumsal Optimal Denge: Marjinal Sosyal Maliyet MSC = MPC + MEC = (10 + 2Q) + 6 = 16 + 2Q.
MSB = MSC => 70 - Q = 16 + 2Q => 3Q = 54 => Q_opt = 18 birim.
Optimal Fiyat: P_opt = 70 - 18 = 52 TL/€.
• (c) Pigouvian Vergi & Ölü Dara Kaybı (DWL):
- Birim Vergi t = MEC = 6 TL/€ (Üretim başına 6 Euro vergi MPC eğrisini tam olarak MSC'ye kaydırır).
- Serbest piyasada aşırı üretim miktarı: ΔQ = Q_mkt - Q_opt = 20 - 18 = 2 birim.
- Ölü Dara Kaybı (Üçgen Alanı): DWL = 0.5 · (MEC) · (ΔQ) = 0.5 · 6 · 2 = 6 Euro.